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封建社会变革对20世纪初以来侦探小说创作的影响
来源：985论文网 添加时间：2020-05-15 11:11
封建社会变革对20世纪初以来侦探小说创作的影响
Introduction
Detective novel is a genre of Western popular literature, which belongs to the category of thriller mystery novel, together with Gothic novel, crime novel and spy novel, police novel and suspense novel derived from them. Detective novels are mainly about people with amazing reasoning and intelligence. According to a series of clues, they can solve the mystery of crime (mostly murder). Its structure, plot, characters and even environment all have a certain pattern and pattern, so it is also a kind of pattern literature. Because the traditional detective stories mostly adopt the way of reasoning, so some people call it reasoning novels.
Detective novel is one of the most popular genre in popular literature. According to statistics, the sales volume of detective novel in Europe and America accounts for 15% to 25% of the total books. The first detective novel in the world is currently recognized as Edgar Allan Poe's mugger Street murder published in 1841. This means that since then, detective novels have become a formal literary category on behalf of inferential literature. At present, the highest prize of detective novel in the world is named after Ellen Poe. Conan Doyle, an outstanding British detective novelist, is known as the "father of detective novels" in England. Holmes, who he created, has become the most famous fictional character in the world.
At the beginning of the 20th century, detective stories were introduced into China and developed rapidly. At that time, the feudal society in China was undergoing dramatic changes, which would inevitably have a significant impact on the creation of detective stories.
1. The introduction and development of detective stories
1.1 introduction of detective stories
Detective novel is a kind of foreign imported product. Because this kind of novel has many similarities with the traditional Chinese public case novel, detective novel became a lot of literary styles introduced at that time, especially a wonderful flower in the literary translation wave of late Qing Dynasty. It was not only valued by scholars at that time, but also thirsted by the general public, This upsurge has been lasting for decades, which has a great impact on the transformation of Chinese literature to modernization and even on social progress. However, unfortunately, detective novels did not become the literary style that was once popular for a long time and widely recognized as Chinese public case novels, To some extent, it can be said that the wonderful work of detective novel, which has been transplanted to China for a short time, has not continued this situation. The reasons are worth exploring, However, some foreign writers' works after learning from the traditional Chinese literary styles and integrating their success into their own national literary creation are refreshing and have achieved great success, which is also worth our thinking. Undoubtedly, learning from their successful practices can make Chinese literature more smooth in the process of going to the world and reproducing its brilliance!
Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren introduced Poe's detective novels to China. According to pan Lei's doctoral thesis "communication and acceptance of Allan Poe in modern China", in 1904, Lu Xun, who was studying in Japan, sent an English series to Zhou Zuoren in China. Among them, a detective novel "golden beetle" created by Allan Poe with the element of "cryptanalysis". In 1905, Zhou Zuoren translated the novel "jade insect fate" and published it. Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren highly praised Poe. In 1909, they translated a collection of foreign novels, including another novel of Poe, mo. In fact, before Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren's brothers translated Ellen Poe's novels, Conan Doyle, another British detective novelist translated by Zhang Kunde, was published in the current affairs in 1896, which was the earliest western detective novel in China.
Chinese readers in the late 19th century and early 20th century didn't feel uncomfortable or excluded from the western detective novels. On the contrary, in 1916, the Chinese book company published the complete works of Sherlock Holmes. As many as 25 kinds of Sherlock Holmes detective stories were translated and introduced in the late Qing Dynasty. According to historical records, the later detective stories were translated and introduced directly from the west to get the latest creative texts, instead of bypassing Japan, and the update speed of detective stories was almost the same as that of Europe and America.
1.2 Development of detective stories in China
Detective fiction originated from the Enlightenment era in the West. Chinese detective fiction is the product of the collision of Chinese and Western cultures. Its occurrence is closely related to the formation of Chinese cultural consumption market, the emergence of modern cities, the establishment of judicial system and the emergence of modern social thoughts. The occurrence of Chinese detective novels has gone through three stages: translation and introduction, imitation and self creation. In the first half of the 20th century, a group of detective novel writers and works with wide influence came into being.
From the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China to the 1940s, it was mainly a group of detective novel writers represented by Cheng Xiaoqing and sun liaohong who translated and created. Because these writers participated in the translation and introduction of detective novels at that time and had a deep understanding of the classic detective novels, the main feature of the works in this period is the localization of foreign classic works. At that time, Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes was translated most frequently. Some people have made statistics. From 1902 to 1918, Conan Doyle's works were translated into 511 at once. By the 1920s, there were more and more people translating detective stories and creating detective stories. Because of the popularity of readers, the domestic publishing industry has a special detective novel magazine - "detective world", a special detective novel tabloid - "Sherlock Holmes". At that time, many novel periodicals set up columns to publish detective novels, which formed the heyday of Chinese detective novels.
In 1911, the supplement of Shanghai news held a novel essay contest. Cheng Xiaoqing's novel light figure, with Hawthorne as the protagonist, was selected and was deeply loved by readers after its publication. Later, Cheng Xiaoqing and Zhou liaojuan translated Sherlock Holmes' detective collection in classical Chinese. In 1919, his novel "Jiangnan Yan" was made into a film by Shanghai Youlian company and achieved great success. Since then, Cheng Xiaoqing's "Hawthorne investigation" has been published in the press. In 1946, the pocket series of Hawthorne's investigation was successively published by the world book office, with a total of 74 articles of more than 2.8 million words.
Sun's main works are "swallow tail beard" (September 1925, two volumes of red rose, later rewritten as "hoarder of cod liver oil"), the case of Oriental Yasen Luoping (co authored with he Puzhai, may 1926), the case of grand robber Lu Ping (October 1943), the blue rattlesnake
During the period of the Republic of China, besides Cheng Xiaoqing and sun liaohong, there were many famous original detective writers.
Lu dan'an is the elite in Liu Yazi's "Southern Society", once known as "the giant of southern society", and also a detective novel writer in the period of the Republic of China as well as Cheng Xiaoqing and sun liaohong. He has edited detective world and diamond news. Lu dan'an's first detective novel is adapted from the movie "the poisoned man". With the help of Shi Jiqun, it has a good market. Therefore, Lu dan'an has successively adapted films such as "the robber in black", "the tiger party" and "red gloves" into detective novels, which are very popular.
Yu Tianhan's achievements in detective stories are comparable to Lu Danan's. Yu Tianfen once declared publicly that "Chinese detective novels were originally created under the circumstances. "The reason is that as early as September 1915, Yu Tianhuan published two detective novels, the head of the willow head and the smoke shadow, in Saturday magazine, so he thought he was the first to publish detective novels in China. Of course, in fact, even if it is not included in the fate of unjust imprisonment, Cheng Xiaoqing published the light figure in the autumn of 1914, which is obviously earlier than Yu Tianhuan's time of publishing detective stories. However, although Yu Tianhuan is wrong, he is indeed qualified to be one of the pioneers of modern Chinese detective novels. In November 1918, Tsinghua Publishing House published Yu Tianhuan's "Chinese detective talk", which established Yu Tianhuan's position in the field of detective novels.
1.3 Detective novels
The first Opium War in 1840 awakened the dream of the Qing Dynasty, and also made China begin the painful process of modernization. In the face of the surging western capitalist powers, Chinese people of insight set off a wave of learning from the West in order to save the country. However, the process of learning was long and painful, from material technology to political system to cultural thought, By the end of the 19th century, we still didn't find the real way to success in the West. After the failure of the 1898 Reform Movement, advanced Chinese such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao thought that the wisdom of the people in China was not open at that time, and they needed to save it with ideology and culture first. Therefore, a large number of scholars and scholars at that time turned their eyes on Western literature to learn from it. Among the numerous literary styles, novels are undoubtedly the most popular, Liang Qichao said in his on the relationship between fiction and mass governance that "if you want a new country, you can't do without a new country's novel. So if you want a new morality, you must do a new novel; if you want a new religion, you must do a new novel; if you want a new politics, you must do a new novel; if you want a new custom, you must do a new novel; if you want to learn a new art, Driven by this concept, Chinese intellectuals set off the last wave of learning from the West in China in the 19th World, this time western literature played the leading role, while detective novels became a remarkable work of literary translation because of their own characteristics.
As for the position of detective novels in this wave of translation, a Ying once said in the history of novels in the late Qing Dynasty: "at that time, translators had nothing to do with detective novels. If there were thousands of translated novels at that time, there would be more than 500 translated detective novels." this can also be reflected in the following aspects: first, there are many translators, The number of works is huge. At that time, there were dozens of people who were engaged in the translation of detective novels, including Lin Shu, Wu Jianren, Zhou Guisheng and other translators. Second, they had a wide range of choices. From the original translation of Conan Doyle ', Almost in step with the publication of the original. Unlike many translations from Japanese at that time, the translation of detective novels "put aside Japan as a transit station, directly take Europe and the United States, and even go faster than Japan. In this special field of literature and art, it basically keeps pace with the trend of world literature."
It is also introduced as a form of opening folk wisdom novel. Why can detective novel develop its own style, quickly win popular favor, become a popular novel far more popular than other forms and still popular for decades? In my opinion, the reasons can be summarized in the following two aspects:
First, the introducers and translators have a strong political purpose. Like other forms of novels, the most important motive for the introduction of detective novels into China at first was that the translators hoped that detective novels could help the general public in China to open up the wisdom of the people, Detective fiction seems to have its own advantages: detective fiction is a kind of novel that focuses on solving a case. In the description of the process of solving a case, it often involves a lot of Western science and technology, material facilities and legal thoughts, which seems to make readers more easily influenced by western culture in the reading process, For example, Cheng Xiaoqing, a Chinese detective novelist, called detective stories "popular textbooks of make-up"
Second, there are many similarities between detective novels and traditional Chinese public case novels, which are more easily accepted by the general public. Before the popularity of detective novels, the most popular form of novels among the general public in China was public case chivalrous novels. They have many similarities, such as taking sentiment as the center, paying attention to the construction of plot, ingenious conception, frequent climax, stirring people's hearts, etc, Different from chivalrous novels, detective novels often use the flashback technique in narrative time, the mystery is revealed at the end, and suspense becomes a magic weapon to attract readers from the beginning to the end; in narrative perspective, detective novels often use the limited perspective, the reader and the story narrator experience the whole detective process of the case together, and the interaction between the reader and the author is stronger, Detective novels give Chinese readers a sense of both familiar and novel excitement. This is the fundamental reason why other forms of novels, such as political novels, gradually withdraw from the era and detective novels are still active after the political enthusiasm for saving the country has subsided
In addition, the development of China's capitalist economy, the expansion of the citizen class, and the prosperity of the printing and publishing industry are all the social conditions for the popularity of detective novels in China.
2. The change of feudal society in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China
2.1 Changes in social life
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, after the impact of the 1911 Revolution, Chinese social customs changed dramatically. The biggest change is to cut off the braids. In the Qing Dynasty, Han men were forced to tie their hair and keep pigtails, which were regarded as a national shame by progressive people in the late Qing Dynasty. After the Wuchang Uprising, the revolutionaries mobilized the masses to cut off the braids. After the establishment of the Nanjing interim government, it issued a decree requiring people to cut braids and wear clothes easily. Next is the clothing change. In feudal society, people's status was distinguished by clothing. After the revolution of 1911, the way of "showing fame and distinguishing prestige" was abandoned by the society for thousands of years. At that time, people severely criticized the long-standing custom of foot binding, and there was a non foot binding movement, various non foot binding groups and anti foot binding propaganda, all over the country. On March 13, 1912, the Nanjing Provisional Government issued the article of urging against foot binding, which played an important role in changing the bad habit of foot binding. The Nanjing interim government also issued the "no opium order" to strictly prohibit smoking. Women in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China the change of the dress of all living beings in the late Qing Dynasty and the disintegration of the rule of dress At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, there was a new trend in Chinese society. The new trend of revolution involved a wide range of fields and was rare in Chinese history. It brought a new atmosphere to Chinese society.
2.2 Renewal of ideas
The Nanjing interim government issued a law requiring the people to get rid of the decadent life customs of the previous Qing Dynasty, innovate the etiquette appellation, abolish the old etiquette such as bowing, bowing, greeting, beating thousands and bowing hands, and change the etiquette such as bowing, hat removal, handshaking and clapping. The etiquette of marriage and funeral has also been changed to a new one, and all kinds of backward customs of the old one have been abolished. People's appellation, no longer use "adult, master", all with "Sir", "madam", "gentleman" proportionate. The traditional concept has been gradually replaced by the new concept, realizing that the feudal monarchy, theocratic power, clan power and patriarchal power are the destruction of personal personality, advocating the western thought of freedom, equality and fraternity, striving to break the feudal shackles and give the people equal rights and status.
In the form of law, the Nanjing interim government has given equal citizenship and rights to people of all kinds of occupations, and has banned the sale of people and the contract of personal selling. At that time, the whole country opposed prostitution and concubinage, called for monogamy, independent property rights, self-reliance and not harsh treatment of domestic workers. Various social groups aiming at humanitarianism and the liberation of human rights were established one after another, and the revolution of 1911 broke the feudal shackles of individual development. At this time, people began to take interest in state affairs and political affairs, and various gatherings, associations and election activities were widely developed. Intellectual women also began to engage in politics. At that time, people attached great importance to the role of industry and Commerce and believed that running industry was an important means to save the country. People have broken the traditional concept of "four people", worked hard for the development of industry, invested in the establishment of factories, and there has been a trend of industrial and commercial development in various regions.
At the beginning of the Republic of China, new learning was advocated. Students chose their majors and considered their practical value and interests. Thousands of students enrolled in the law and politics department and applied for the examination. Traditional poetry writing, word filling, study of classics and history, and psychological science were no longer valued. There is also a trend of pursuing luxury and ostentation in the society. All kinds of consumer industries in the society have been developed, which impacts on the traditional moral and ethical concepts in the feudal society. At the same time, China's inherent academic has also changed significantly.
2.3 Academic changes in the late Qing Dynasty
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, there appeared "condemnation novels" to expose the decadent darkness of the society, such as Li Boyuan's "official scene" and Wu Jianren's "strange situation witnessed in the past 20 years", which exposed the decadent darkness of the officials and yamen at all levels of the Qing Dynasty. There are also some novels that reflect the revolution, such as the story of Guangzhou rebellion, the romance of the new Han Dynasty, blood tears and yellow flowers, which describe the uprising of Huanghuagang and Wuchang.
Intellectuals actively studied and publicized the thoughts and cultures of Europe and the United States, and many translated works appeared, such as Darwin's origin of species, Rousseau's theory of people's covenant, Montesquieu's spirit of law, John Muller's principle of freedom, etc., from which they absorbed evolutionism, Tianfu's theory of human rights and western modern political programs as ideological weapons against feudal autocracy. Literary and artistic works have also been translated in large quantities. Works of Shakespeare, Dickens and Balzac have been translated and published in succession. The most famous translator is Lin Shu, who translates foreign works into ancient Chinese according to others' interpretation.
In addition, modern drama and new music appeared. At that time, the creation of "school songs" was very popular, and many textbooks of classroom songs were published. In the field of fine arts, a large number of artists with new ideas, mastering new skills and daring to innovate have emerged. Such as Li Shutong, Wu Changshuo, Gao Jianfu, Liu Haisu, etc. Cai Yuanpei, for the first time, put forward the necessity of art education for the people.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Western learning developed greatly. With the widespread use of new printing technology, the press and publishing industry entered a new period of development. In 1897, Xia Ruifang, Bao xianen and others jointly established the Shanghai Commercial Press. At the beginning, there was only a printing house, and then it became a comprehensive publishing enterprise integrating editing, printing and distribution. In January 1921, Lu fikui, dikton, Chen Xiegong, Shen Zhifang, etc. founded Zhonghua Book Company. It is a modern publishing enterprise with great influence in the early years of the Republic of China. The development of private publishing industry soon surpassed that of church and government-run publishing institutions. During their activities, revolutionaries also promoted publishing activities. For example, in 1902, chen fan founded Su Bao, hired Zhang Taiyan as the lead writer, and published a lot of articles criticizing the feudal autocracy. In 1905, Sun Yat-sen founded the "people's Daily" in Tokyo, Japan, to publicize the bourgeois thought of democratic revolution. It is estimated that there were more than 1000 kinds of newspapers and magazines in China at that time. The rise and development of China's modern press and publication are inseparable from the changes of China's social politics, economy and culture.
2.4 Development of modern education
At the end of Qing Dynasty, a new education system was established. In 1903, the Qing Court promulgated the constitution of the zogding school, which stipulated the actual education system implemented in the whole country, called "guimao education system", which laid the foundation of modern education system in China. After the promulgation of the constitution, all kinds of schools developed rapidly. By 1909, there were more than 50000 Primary Schools and 123 institutions of higher learning in China. At the same time, the Qing government sent young students and officials to study abroad, and a large number of private students at their own expense. Overseas students have greatly broadened their horizons and accepted new knowledge abroad, becoming the most active and active elements in Chinese society.
The government of the Republic of China reformed the education system at the end of the Qing Dynasty, including setting up new educational institutions. If the school is renamed as a school, men and women can go to the same school, abolish the study of scriptures, ban textbooks issued by the Ministry of education of the Qing Dynasty, prohibit corporal punishment, and cancel the school for nobles of the Qing Dynasty. Change the purpose of education. The basic purpose of the education is to "pay attention to moral education, with practical education, military and national education supplemented, and with aesthetic education to complete its morality". The school system has been reset. Four years in primary school are compulsory education, three years in senior high school, four years in middle school, three or four years in University, four years in normal school, etc. In succession, various school orders have been issued, complementing the "school system order" which has been published. The full name is "Renzi Guichou school system". The reform of the education system in the early years of the Republic of China conforms to the trend of historical development and promotes the rapid development of new education in China.
3. The influence of feudal society reform on detective novel creation
From the late Qing Dynasty to the 1940s, the development of modern Chinese detective novels was very prosperous. Cheng Xiaoqing, sun liaohong, Lu dan'an, Yu Tianfen and other representative writers of Chinese detective novels were all born in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and they have been active in Shanghai for a long time. Most of their works are based in Shanghai or surrounding urban and rural areas during the period of the Republic of China. Since Shanghai was forced to open a port under the fire of foreign invaders, it has transplanted the development mode of western cities and civilization, and developed rapidly into a modern and cosmopolitan city. This social environment, which is quite different from the traditional Chinese society, just provides a good condition for the development of popular literature (especially detective novels, which come from the West and have modernity). At the same time, all kinds of local customs and fresh landscapes in urban society have also been confirmed in detective stories.
3.1 urban culture promotes the birth and development of modern Chinese detective stories
Detective novel is a kind of popular novel originated from the West. It has the characteristics of modernity in terms of narrative method, subject content, production and popular way. Since August 1896, four Sherlock Holmes detective stories have been published in the Shanghai current affairs daily, which is the first time that Chinese people have come into contact with real detective stories. Since the late Qing Dynasty, China's newspapers and magazines and the corresponding printing and publishing system gradually emerged and formed, which provided the possibility for western detective novels to enter China and spread widely. Especially in modern cities such as Shanghai, social and economic aspects have undergone dramatic changes, the number of readers of the citizen class has increased, and people have new interests and requirements for cultural life. The modernity of detective novel itself coincides with the production and consumption system of culture and literature gradually constructed since the late Qing Dynasty. In addition, the plot of the novel itself is tortuous and scientific, so detective novel set off a "detective fever" in China at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China.
3.2 the environment of Western learning spreading to the East makes detective novels have the function of Enlightenment
Detective stories in the modern sense of China contain enlightenment thoughts and modern scientific spirit, and reflect some degree of openness, scientificity and modernity. The occurrence of Chinese detective novels not only speeds up the modernization of Chinese novel style, but also has extraordinary significance to the thought, culture and legal system construction of Chinese modern society.
Since te late Qing Dynasty, since Liang Qichao advocated the "new novel", the ideological and utilitarian nature of the novel has been put in a position beyond the literary and entertainment nature. In this case, when western detective novels enter China, they have to do as the Romans do. The main part of detective stories often describes rigorous reasoning and serious empirical process, which is just a positive reflection of the spirit of "science". Therefore, after admitting that detective novels have the aesthetic characteristics of "bizarre and fascinating plot", Chinese intellectuals have focused more on the "Enlightenment" of detective novels: "in addition to the appreciation of literature and art, detective novels also have the function of arousing curiosity and inspiring reason. In our deeply rooted superstition and decadent society, detective stories are indeed needed to make a clear medicine. " On the one hand, detective novelists at that time were trying a new kind of novel, making great efforts in content, plot and structure; on the other hand, they could not ignore the ideological nature of the novel and consider whether it could "educate the people". The novel contained a large number of sermons and argumentative words. It is endowed with the lofty mission of "Enlightenment". In terms of the function of the novel, the entertainment function of its own game is combined with the "Enlightenment" requirements of the nation, and scientific "Enlightenment" is carried out among the citizens in the face of "popular textbooks". Many of them reflect the demands for the rule of law and the expectations for science.
3.3 it has become an important content to record the human experience of modern urban society
Most of the modern detective novels in China are based on the urban social reality since the beginning of the Republic of China (especially the local conditions and customs of Shanghai), involving social issues such as youth education, free marriage and property struggle. Novelists recorded the social customs of that time in detail and vividly, and recorded some missing details of new literary works. But they can't make a deep reflection on urban culture like Ellen Poe or Baudelaire who lived in the city for a long time. Instead, they often judge various phenomena in urban society with traditional moral concepts and previous life experience. Just as the detective in the novel can get rid of the fog to find out the real murderer, the Chinese detective novelists try to uncover the absurdity of the times by breaking the veil of urban prosperity.
Compared with Cheng Xiaoqing, sun liaohong is closer to the center of urban society. Lu Ping, the grand robber in his works, appeared in the ballroom, coffee shop, theater and other representative places of urban culture. In "stealing teeth" and other works, sun liaohong has repeatedly described the ballroom as a miniature of urban society: a seductive and consumable woman, a decadent man, a strong voice and color stimulation, a stagnant season and time. However, despite grasping some basic characteristics of urban society, sun did not depict the body and psychology of urban men and women as carefully as the writers of new sense school. No matter how cynical Lupin is, he is more like a cool spectator in urban society than a consumer. Modern Chinese detective novelists have the temperament of worrying about the country when they feel the traditional literati. They pay more attention to the miserable life of the poor people, and often record these social scenes ignored by the new sense writers.
The old family structure has also changed. Zhang Biwu's detective novels take "family" as the starting point to describe the crime of urban society under the control of money. At the time of the alternation of the old and new society, the old family structure in China has also changed, the master's control over the servants has been relatively reduced, the inheritance system is also close to the Western model, and many large families have begun to split up. Song Wuqi, a detective in Zhang Biwu's works, is specially responsible for solving family cases. Through the window of "family", Zhang Biwu shows the fragile human relations in urban society.
3.4 The expectation of justice has both inheritance and reference
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, great changes in social structure and the establishment of the city made a large number of people who had lived in the countryside for generations enter the city and become new citizens. However, the May 4th New Culture Movement in 1919 advocated the scientific spirit and the baptism of the people by Europe and the United States, To make the public love and adore the almost omnipotent detective image. The citizens need a new age hero who can still expose the black curtain, eliminate the tyranny, and show his righteousness in the modern urban environment. On the one hand, the great Xia needs to have the traditional chivalrous spirit, At the same time, it can adapt to the needs of industrialized and commercialized modern nation-state. Since the first translation of four Sherlock Holmes detective stories by Conan Doyle in 1896, detective novels have become a popular carrier of western spirit, which are loved by the public readers and also affirmed and promoted by many people of insight. On the one hand, Chinese detective novels draw lessons from western detective novels, and construct "games" through scientific methods of observation, analysis and logical reasoning. At the same time, in order to meet the thinking mode and aesthetic requirements of Chinese readers, it is appropriate to infiltrate the custom games with national characteristics; and the value standard of detective novels is to show the true meaning. Chinese detective novels show the concept of law, freedom and equality, and Chinese style "moral justice" is also integrated. The moral judgment of good and evil, family ethics, justice and crime are all supplementing and adjusting the concept of justice in detective novels.
3.5 Major events in the era of change become the focus of detective novels
Cheng Xiaoqing's works are full of the flavor of the times, which not only lies in his work's plane care for the social reality of the Republic of China, but also relies on Cheng Xiaoqing's often placing some major events in the social reality of the Republic of China as the background in his novels, so that the background can be more prominent and reflected on the modern society. For example, in the blood dagger, Lu Zihua committed suicide, which originated from the exposure of his student spy identity. The background of this story is the landmark event of modern history - the May 4th movement. It is common to mention current events and comment on them in many stories of Hawthorne's investigation, which fully reveals Cheng Xiaoqing's sense of anxiety about his family and country.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, great changes in social structure and the establishment of the city made a large number of people who had lived in the countryside for generations enter the city and become new citizens. However, the May 4th New Culture Movement in 1919 advocated the scientific spirit and the baptism of the people by Europe and the United States, To make people love and adore the almost omnipotent detective image. Citizens need a new age hero who can still expose the black curtain, eliminate the tyranny, and show his righteousness in the modern urban environment. On the one hand, the great Xia needs to have the traditional chivalrous spirit, and at the same time, he can adapt to the needs of the industrialized and commercialized modern nation-state. After more than ten years of translation and learning, Chinese Sherlock Holmes was born by Cheng Xiaoqing, a self-taught writer who began to translate British and American detective novels, in the readers' eagerness to read and the accumulation of writers' creation over the years.
4. Conclusion
Detective novel is a kind of novel style developed in the environment of urbanization and commercialization in the early 20th century with the process of China's modernization. At this time, China is in a period of social and cultural turbulence. When the traditional literary concept collides with western culture, detective novel begins to be accepted and imitated by Chinese people. Detective novel is a creative trend (Lu Xun language) produced by the "special requirements of the times". No matter what tendency and characteristics they have in subject selection, structural mode, character modeling, aesthetic style and other aspects, they are all deeply branded with the brand of feudal social change, which is a vivid portrayal of the times of the article.
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